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Sustained Silent Reading: A Useful Model
Inserting time for learners to do individualized reading was the right choice for a program that uses group instruction
by Susanne Campagna
Teaching reading, writing, and math while allowing learners to stay focused on their individual goals requires careful planning, excellent time management skills, and flexibility. This is no easy task when an instructor sees her students a mere 10.5 hours a week or less. So why, you might ask, would our program set aside an hour and a half of instructional time every week to have our students engage in sustained silent reading?
Read/Write/Now is a small library-based adult basic education (ABE) program in Springfield, MA, that was established in 1987 with a grant from the Massachusetts Board of Library Commissioners. We offer beginning to pre-GED group instruction, led by professional teachers and supported by trained volunteers, in a classroom setting. Classes are held in both the daytime and evening. We currently serve about 75 students who range in age from 18 to 70 years and come from many countries, including the United States, China, Guatemala, and Jamaica. When I began teaching at Read/Write/Now in 1992, the practice of having students read silently for sustained periods was already in place. I cannot take any credit for being innovative in this regard; however, I embraced this model.
Read/Write/Now’s original purpose in setting aside sustained silent reading (SSR) time was to get students accustomed to reading, and to help them build fluency. This reasoning was supported by the research of Jim Trelease, author of The Read-Aloud Handbook (2001), who writes, “SSR is based upon a single simple principle: Reading is a skill — and the more you use it, the better you get at it” (p. 140). In the past few years, we have found that SSR a lso enables us to provide students with time to read the content they need to meet their individual learning goals: information about the Commercial Driver’s License (CDL), for example, or child development, or the history or civics content needed to pass the citizenship test. We allot 45 minutes of class time, twice a week, for independent reading.
The Process
Our classes meet in a large, partitioned room in the Pine Point branch of the Springfield City Library. This space accommodates three classroom areas as well as a small computer lab. During independent reading time, every student is asked to spend that 45 minute session engaged in SSR. All classroom instruction ceases and talking among the students is minimal. Students can leave the classroom and find more comfortable reading chairs in the library but, for the most part, they opt to read at the table or in the computer lab using computer-assisted technology.
Our classrooms have a wealth of materials geared to the literacy levels of our students. Because our program is part of the library, we also have ready access to its resources. Teachers assist their students in finding books from our classroom library or the regular library. Book selection takes place at the beginning of the SSR time. We encourage learners who can independently select books from the library to check them out. Those who need help with book selection are generally assisted by their teacher and, on occasion, by the library staff. Books from the classroom are signed out so that they are available to learners until they have finished reading them. During the independent reading session, teachers briefly check in with each learner to answer questions or make changes if the reading materials selected seem too difficult or uninteresting. I try to find out whether a book is too difficult by asking students to keep count of the number of words they do not know on the first page of the book. If they write down more than five words and cannot give a simple summary of what they read, I suggest finding a less difficult text. For example, Read/Write/Now has several different versions of the Bible. One of my students chose a fairly difficult version to read. After just a few minutes, she closed the book and said, “I know these words, I just can’t read them.” I suggested she try The Story of Jesus Part One (1980), which is written at a much easier level and has an audio tape to accompany it. She was so thrilled to have access to this book that she asked me to order a copy for her to keep so she could reread it anytime. If something at a lower level cannot be easily found, accommo dations can be made using a scanner and the computer, as detailed below. This does, however, require some extra preparation time, so the student may have to wait until the next SSR session to begin the book.
Technology Helps
Today almost every kind of printed document can be made accessible by using either tape recordings or software programs. Getting a learner’s permit to drive is a common goal among our students. Because the reading level of the driver’s manual is difficult, we recorded it so that students can listen to it on cassette tape. We also used commercially produced books with cassette tapes such as the FYI series by New Readers Press for CDL instruction, citizenship preparation, and learning about health topics. Students follow along in the text while listening to the cassette tape using head phones. In addition, we use a variety of computer software such as Read Please (www.readplease.com), Scan and Read Pro (www. incrediblehorizons.com/scan-read-pro.html), and CAST eReader (www.enablemart.com). These programs convert text into speech so that students at all levels can benefit from them. The software programs are installed on our computers so they can be used frequently. With Read Please or CAST eReader, students decide on a text document that can be opened on the computer. This includes on-line documents saved as text files, e-mail text files, Web pages, or word-processed files. First, the student opens the software program. Using the toolbar, the student opens a text document or cuts and pastes a document into the program. The program begins reading the print aloud when the student clicks on the play button. Using networked computers and individual headsets, a number of students can use these programs, each with different documents. Our students have used computer-assisted technology during SSR to prepare for the US citizenship interview or the CDL test, read articles from the newspaper, and read Bible passages.
About a third of our learners choose to read books on tape or books from the Start to Finish series, a set created for literacy students (www.donjohnston.com). These books come with a cassette tape as well as a CD ROM. Students can listen to the book via computer or read the book on the computer screen without sound. However, if they come to an unknown word or phrase, they have the option to select it and listen. Students read independently, but can access sound immediately so that comprehension is not lost.
Reading for Pleasure
Some students do not identify mastering certain subject matter as one of their reading goals, saying, instead, that they want to read a book f rom beginning to end. “I want to read like ‘other people’ read,” is another com mon response to the intake question “Why do you want to read better?” Reading for pleasure is one way in which other people read, and is how some students use their SSR time. Janice L. Pilgreen, author of The SSR Handbook: How to Organize and Manage a Sustained Silent Reading Program (2000), writes that “...for an SSR program to be of value to the students the silent reading periods should be between 15 and 45 minutes [and take place] at least two times a week. This allows reading to become a habit and not just an academic exercise” (p. 14). Our SSR period gives our learners time to practice reading so that it can become a habit.
Overcoming Resistance
Many students begin our program with preconceived notions of how reading should be taught to them. Some of the Jamaican students, for example, spell out each letter of an unknown word because that is how they were taught to read. One of my students recently told me, “I can read, I just can’t break down the words I don’t know.” Some students expect that instruction will focus on decoding words and reading out loud with the teacher’s guidance and correction of every mispronounced word. Some have to be convinced that learning to read better requires active reading practice employing those skills taught in the group but practiced individually. Fortunately, most students do accept the theory that good readers read for a variety of purposes that require him or her to engage in silent reading. When working on goal-setting with students, I explain that the SSR session is an independent reading time during class for them to work on a self-identified goal. It is not a difficult model to explain, but often a student lacks the confidence in his or her ability to focus on print silently for the allotted time. Some feel uncomfortable with the expectation because it is a new and somewhat challenging experience. Others have expressed concern that their reason for being in school is to get reading instruction: if they could read by themselves, they would not be here. Winning over these skeptics isn’t always easy, but it can be done. I find that making sure the learner has chosen a book that is accessible, interesting, and targets a goal he or she has set helps. Students who do well with this model are often those who realize that they can make significant progress on their own goals during this time. When students make progress, they feel their time and efforts are being rewarded, especially when they reach their goals. The students are in control of what they read during the SSR session: while the session is mandatory, the choice of reading material is not, and therefore they can experience ownership of their own learning.
Conclusion
As a seasoned adult education instructor, I highly endorse the practice of using instructional time for SSR. Once students begin to experience success and accomplish their goals, they realize the positive impact that this reading session can make. We see continuing proof of this on our wall of accomplishments. Here we post photo copies of library cards, licenses, learner’s permits, and other certificates of achievement our students have gained. Students keep copies in their personal portfolios as evidence of progress. They also keep a reading log of books that they have read. Students have shown evidence of learning in other ways as well. They participate in discussions, answer questions about what they have read, or write a list of questions to help them learn more about a particular topic. This is a model for success in our adult education program.
References
Laubach, F. (1980). The Story of Jesus, Part One. Syracuse, NY: New Readers Press.
Pilgreen, J. (2000). The SSR Handbook: How to Organize and Manage a Sustained Silent Reading Program. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann Boynton/Cook Publishers.
Trelease, J. (2001). The Read-Aloud Hand book. New York: Penguin Publishers.
About the Author
Susanne Campagna has been an ABE instructor at the Read/Write/Now Adult Learning Center in Springfield, MA, for more than 10 of her 20+ years in ABE. She has facilitated both a health team and student leadership team at her center.